Category Archives: Government/Research

Brain Injury in Blue

While citizen brain injuries from police interactions are prominent in the news, galvanizing the “Defund the Police” movement, they remain rare—occurring in just 0.36% of encounters according to 2024 data from one major US city. Officers face greater risks. Across the pond, a 2025 University of Exeter study highlighted the problem: “Police officers face twice the risk of traumatic brain injuries and PTSD.”  An August 2024 Ohio State University study found 30% of law enforcement officers are injured on duty. Reporting on this study, the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation May/June edition states that, “[Head injuries] are prevalent in LEOs, which may have consequences for their performance, well-being, and career longevity. PTSD and depressive symptoms are higher in those with a HI history, suggesting LEOs need better traumatic brain injury and mental health resources.”

For police officers, brain injuries are primarily sustained from assaults, vehicle crashes, and falls, and can have horrific outcomes. Ferguson, MO Officer Travis Brown exemplifies the danger of the myriad of anti-law enforcement protests: struck during a 2024 protest, he remained unable to walk or talk nearly a year later. Additionally, in a September 5, 2025 article, ‘Something Is Wrong With My Brain’, the New York Times reported on Brent Simpson, the first police officer known to have CTE.

Congress has responded with the TBI and PTSD Law Enforcement Training Act, signed into law in August 2024. Led by Rep. Don Bacon and the late Rep. Bill Pascrell Jr. of the Congressional Brain Injury Task Force, this legislation mandates CDC studies on first responder concussions and crisis intervention training, allotting $270 million over five years for training and research. Mick McHale, President, National Association of Police Organizations (NAPO) said, in relation to protecting the police, “This legislation also recognizes that law enforcement and first responders are among those in our communities who suffer from these afflictions and requires the CDC to do a study on the prevalence of TBI and PTSD in the profession. We thank [senators] for championing this legislation and… [their] support of the law enforcement community.”

Thankfully, officers can and do protect themselves through ballistic helmets, baseline concussion testing, and return-to-duty protocols following head impacts. More so, additional research likely will be a benefit, assuming that it results in positive action.

Bringing Back the Scent to Recovery – 2

While some survivors lose their sense of smell completely, others experience something equally disturbing: smelling things that aren’t there. This phenomenon, called phantosmia, often involves putrid odors, such as “fecal-like, burned, chemical-like, or metallic” and may persist or come and go unpredictably, according to research published in The FASEB [Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology] Journal. One survivor who had been recovering from a TBI for two years shared in January 2024 that they developed a persistent smell of cigarette smoke that wouldn’t go away. Another person reported that after a concussion from a blackout, everything tasted and smelled like burnt plastic, profoundly affecting their quality of life and ability to work.

Distinct, but similar to phantosmia, is parosmia, which involves the distortion of smells and has been proved to be caused by many medical conditions, one of which is NIH-confirmed to be traumatic brain injury. As a NIH review states, “The condition was first documented in 1895 and can affect up to 5% of the general population.”

Bringing Back the Scent to Recovery – 1

The benefit of certain foods and smells is a subject I continue to explore, as it as an easy and pleasing treatment for those with neurological issues. It is much more complex, though, for the many brain-injured who may not be able to smell these fragrant odors or who smell odors that aren’t present. Today, I delve into these surprisingly common phenomenons:

When a traumatic brain injury damages the olfactory bulb and orbitofrontal cortex—the brain’s smell-processing centers—patients can lose their sense of smell entirely, a condition called anosmia. A July 2023 study published in the NIH’s Frontiers in Neurology found these problems are surprisingly common, reporting that it affects about 10% of those with mild cases to over 40% of those with severe injuries.

For the brain injured and all those who suffer from smell conditions, there is hope, though. About 30% of patients naturally regain some smell function 6 to 12 months after the injury. For the remaining 70%, the most promising treatment for smell conditions is olfactory training, where patients sniff specific scents like rose, eucalyptus, and lemon twice daily for at least six months – smells that I have previously reported as beneficial for the brain injured. NIH studies have examined this, finding that such enhanced training protocols show significantly greater improvements.

The Menopause-Brain Injury Connection Doctors Are Missing

Last week, new research was presented at The Menopause Society’s 2025 Annual Meeting that revealed menopause may significantly complicate brain injury recovery. The NIH-recognized organization further notes that current medical assessments completely miss this in evaluations. The problem? Standard tests ignore hormonal status, potentially delaying healing in millions of women.

As previously noted in two 2018 articles on this site, when estrogen and progesterone levels plummet during menopause, the brain loses critical protective shields. According to NIH data, these hormones normally work to fight inflammation, reduce brain swelling, and protect cells after injury. Without them, recovery becomes more challenging. More so, menopause symptoms, such as memory problems, headaches, and mood changes, exactly mirror those of brain injury, making diagnosis nearly impossible without hormone-specific assessments.

More recent NIH studies, though, also emphasize that it is very possible to protect yourself from menopause’s adverse effects. A 2024 report by the NIH National Institute on Aging, found that regular exercise (150 minutes weekly), a Mediterranean-style diet rich in fish and vegetables, quality sleep, and managing hot flashes all support brain resilience. Additionally, maintaining healthy blood pressure and preventing falls also becomes crucial during this vulnerable time of life. Most importantly, the Institute emphasizes the importance of having a conversation about your hormonal status with your doctors following a head injury. This simple action could transform your recovery.

Post-Traumatic Path to Communication

Research published in 2025 and found in the NIH database found that brain injury significantly impacts auditory function, with studies documenting outcomes ranging from normal hearing to complete deafness, with approximately 41% of cases involving sensorineural hearing loss. For those experiencing severe hearing impairment, sign language may become essential for communication.

However, learning sign language presents unique challenges for brain injury survivors. Since sign language requires visual—spatial processing, motor coordination, and sustained attention—which may all be affected by a brain injury—the learning curve can be steeper.

Despite these challenges, rehabilitation specialists emphasize that it is possible with individualized instruction that accounts for specific cognitive strengths and limitations. A BBC story from last week showcases a specific success story, quoting a patient, “Learning BSL has helped me say words that I cannot speak.”

(Note: Early intervention and patient-centered approaches maximize recovery outcomes.)

Widening Knowledge of Narrowing Cerebral Blood Vessels 

When blood vessels in the brain suddenly narrow – a condition called vasospasm—the consequences can be devastating. Vasospasm ranks among the leading causes of cerebral ischemia, in which there is a lack of blood flow to the brain. The effect of such a condition can be brain injury, particularly it may trigger a stroke. Statistically, about twenty to thirty percent of patients experiencing vasospasm develop delayed cerebral ischemia and infarction, even when narrowing occurs without trauma.

However, the relationship between vasospasm and brain injury is more complex than a simple ‘cause-and-effect’. A July 25, 2025 report from NIH-recognized source Journal of Intensive Medicine, and brought to my attention by an October 17 third party article, found that the post-traumatic vasospasm ranges from 19% – 68%, though many cases go undetected. “Post-traumatic vasospasm is often silent but dangerous,” explains the lead researcher. “Recognizing it early can help prevent secondary brain injury.”

A case documented in the NIH’s PubMed database illustrates both the danger and hope surrounding post-traumatic vasospasm. A 26-year-old man arrived at the hospital with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of just 4 – indicating severe brain injury – after a motor vehicle accident. He underwent emergency brain surgery for bleeding, but while recovering in the intensive care unit, he developed severe vasospasm. Medical monitoring revealed dangerous narrowing of his cerebral arteries. Over three separate days, physicians treated him with intra-arterial infusions of calcium channel blockers, which dramatically improved his arterial diameter by as much as 60%. After 22 days, the vasospasm resolved.

Federal researchers are making progress. A 2024 federally-funded study led by Dr. Rima Rindler at Emory University developed AI machine models that predicted which patients will develop vasospasms with 94% accuracy. Meanwhile, NIH-supported scientists are pioneering detection methods using transcranial ultrasound and biomarkers.

These advances offer hope that this complication may become routinely preventable, potentially saving thousands from permanent disability.

Creatine’s Brain Benefits for Wellness & Recovery

Creatine is experiencing unprecedented attention in 2025, with sales surging 120% year-over-year according to recent industry reports. This supplement, traditionally associated with muscle building, is now gaining recognition for brain health benefits backed by current research published in NIH databases, military sites, and public universities.

For everyone, creatine enhances brain energy metabolism. A 2024 NIH meta-analysis of 16 studies found supplementation improves memory, attention, and information processing speed in adults. (Dosage depends on patient’s weight and other personal aspects, so it should be calculated with the aid of a medical professional.) The brain consumes 20% of the body’s energy, and creatine helps maintain ATP levels during demanding cognitive tasks, as reported to such sources as NCBI, which is part of the NIH, and in a May 25, 2025 article in Men’s Health.

For brain-injured individuals, benefits are more pronounced. Military research from July 2025 shows creatine may improve mild TBI outcomes, According to a TIME article, published on September 2, 2025, Matthew Taylor from University of Kansas Medical Center notes the supplement shows brain-boosting potential. Even NIH-published studies from almost 20 years ago, 2006-2008, demonstrate significant improvements in pediatric traumatic brain injury recovery from creatine, including reduction of ICU stays and enhanced cognitive function.

“We’re seeing a lot of other applications for creatine now in terms of its role with certain neurodegenerative diseases, its role in brain health, and potentially both a prophylactic and treatment role for [traumatic brain injury] and concussion,” says Shawn Arent, PhD, chair of the department of exercise science at the University of South Carolina.

INFORMATION PAPER ON CREATINE AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, July 2025 – https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Publications/2025/09/25/TBICoE-Information-Paper-on-Creatine-and-TBI

New Safety Measures Take Effect for Stunt Performers

Box office success proves that people relish characters’ overcoming unbelievably intimidating or frightening physical odds in film. However, for the stunt performers who perform these acts, the imbedded danger can be very real. An Ohio University study published in 2023 by the NIH reveals stunt risk: 80% of film and television stunt performers have experienced head impacts. Of that high percentage, 86% showed concussion-like symptoms. (This percentage is likely much higher than industry professionals would think, as there is also a 2024 NIH-published report Stunt performers’ reluctance to self-report head trauma.)

Based on statistics and the increased public concern about production safety, California signed into law SB 132 in July 2023. While this bill was not effective until this past July, the Income taxes: tax credits: motion pictures: occupational safety: California Film Commission mandates safety advisors and risk assessments for tax-credit productions, specifically stating, “[it] would require the safety advisor to prepare a final safety evaluation report based on the actual risk and compliance experience.” Georgia now requires, “major studio filming… [to] assign a safety officer to a feature length production as part of a pilot program.” New York has also developed a similar pilot safety officer program in 2025.

The film industry, at large, has also taken action, as SAG-AFTRA now requires 500 days’ experience for stunt coordinators. Beyond performer safety concern, this enhanced attention to the issue of stunt trauma is based on simple financial calculations, as lawsuits underscore the stakes. HBO settled with stuntman Casey Michaels for $9.4 million in 2023. Fast & Furious 9 producers also faced $1 million in fines after stuntman Joe Watts suffered traumatic brain injury.

While new laws and highlighted attention are a positive sign, stunt safety remains difficult to assess. An exploratory study found in the NIH database, Head Trauma and Concussions in Film and Television Stunt Performers, alarmingly found that fear of job loss meant that 65% continued working while symptomatic.) “Concussion seems to be a serious occupational health issue in stunt performers,” stated Dr. Jeffrey Russell, researcher at Ohio University. This somewhat dismissive statement shows that action is needed to protect both the stunt performers and the studios’ bottom line.

Eating Disorders & Brain Injury Feed Each Other

The relationship between brain injury and eating disorders works like a dangerous spiral that spins both ways. Medical professionals have been aware of this connection for quite some time, even before the NIH report of a 2017 study determined, “Eating disorders have been reported after TBI…. underscor[ing the] major role of frontal-subcortical circuits in regulation of eating habits.” Traumatic brain injury to the frontal lobe disrupts decision-making and impulse control, which can potentially lead to anorexia or body dysmorphic disorder.

More extensively studied is the converse effect: when someone develops anorexia nervosa, and starvation actually shrinks the brain. A 2022 study from the University of Southern California analyzed nearly 2,000 brain scans and discovered that brain damage from anorexia causes the brain’s outer layer to thin dramatically. In essence, the study determined that eating disorders result in the brain literally wasting away from lack of nutrition.

A study published in Frontiers in Neurology on September, 5, 2025, and currently found in the NIH database, revealed why brain damage, related to an eating disorder, is particularly insidious. Researchers state that anorexia causes anosognosia—the inability to recognize illness severity—through disrupted brain circuits in the insula, striatum, and prefrontal cortex. These same regions process body signals and update beliefs about oneself, creating a tragic irony: the very brain areas needed to recognize the problem are being damaged by starvation itself.

The promising news from 2024 Mount Sinai research, though, is that when patients regain weight, and the majority of those with eating disorders do regain weight and recover, their brains can recover too.

Actor’s Head Injury Highlights Complex Link Between ALS & Brain Trauma

Grey’s Anatomy star Eric Dane was set to present an award at the Emmy Awards on September 14, 2025.  Instead, the actor missed this year’s awards entirely. After a fall in his kitchen caused a head injury that required stitches, he spent a much less glamorous evening in the hospital.

Earlier this year, Dane revealed that he suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Reports say that Dane has largely lost control over the right side of his body due to the progressive neurodegenerative disease, illustrating how ALS-related motor control loss can lead to falls and subsequent head trauma.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke acknowledges head injury as a potential risk factor ALS, though researchers emphasize more investigation is needed to understand the intricate connection. An October 2025 study report found on the NIH database, and initially published on JAMA Network, states, “TBI might represent an early complication of… preclinical ALS at risk of falls or other events culminating in TBI.”

Various studies have shown that there is a complex relationship between the two conditions. Data from the National ALS Registry, published by the NIH in January 2025, found that over half of ALS patients had experienced head injuries, with multiple injuries and those occurring before age 30 showing stronger associations. The aforementioned JAMA Network study, examining the connection between TBI and ALS in over 342,000 adults, found that individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury had more than double the risk of developing ALS. (The elevated risk, though, was confined to the two years immediately following brain injury, with researchers suggesting this may indicate reverse causality—that the head injury could again be an early consequence of subclinical [undiagnosed] ALS rather than its cause.)