A study published in the journal Neurology (epub April 3, 2026; print April 28, 2026), and currently available through the NLM PubMed database, reveals evidence that traumatic brain injuries affect each person’s brain in remarkably unique ways. While such a scientific revelation may seem evident to survivors, it challenges one-size-fits-all treatment approaches.

Researchers led by Jake Mitchell of Monash University (Australia) analyzed brain scans from 407 TBI patients and 224 healthy controls using normative modeling, a technique that measures individual brains against healthy population norms much like pediatric growth charts.  Co -authored by researchers at the VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, the study found that no more than 23% of patients shared an extreme deviation in the same brain region.

The findings help explain why nearly 30 clinical trials for acute TBI treatments have failed to identify effective therapies. The study results also bolster the case for personalized brain injury medicine.